Cardiac catheterization (cardiac cath, heart cath) is an invasive procedure used to evaluate and treat heart conditions. A thin, long, flexible tube is inserted, usually in the arm or groin, and is guided to the blood vessels of your heart. Angiography is almost always done during the procedure, which involves injecting dye into your vessels so they can be visualized with imaging, typically an X-ray or an intravascular ultrasound. Your doctor may use this to help diagnose a concern, deliver medication, or repair heart defects and disease.
Purpose of Test
Cardiac catheterization allows your doctor to access your coronary arteries for blockages, the function of all four major cardiac chambers, and the structure and function of your heart valves. The catheterization procedure can also be used to deliver therapy for many cardiac conditions.
A specialized type of cardiac catheterization, the electrophysiology study, is used to assess and treat various heart rhythm disturbances. You can read about the electrophysiology study here.
Diagnostic Uses
If you have signs of atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease (blockage in your heart vessels) such as fatigue, shortness of breath, or chest pain, you may need a cardiac catheterization.
This test is also done pre-operatively for planning cardiac procedures that involve treatment of narrow or blocked coronary arteries, such as coronary artery bypass surgery, angioplasty, and stenting.
Sometimes, cardiac catheterization can be used as one of the diagnostic tests for heart valve disease, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, or heart failure.
Therapeutic Uses
Often, cardiac catheterization is useful in the treatment of heart problems. As with diagnostic catheterization, imaging with angiography is used, which allows your doctors to see your heart as the procedure is being performed.
Therapeutic catheterizations are used to relieve blockages in the coronary arteries with angioplasty (widening the arteries), to remove obstructive material (thrombectomy), and for stent placement (a tube that remains in place to keep the artery open). The procedure can also treat heart valve conditions such as mitral stenosis and aortic stenosis (valvuloplasty) and heart rhythm irregularities (cardiac ablation), or to repair patent foramen ovale.
- Non-invasive angiogram: A non-invasive angiogram, such as a CT-angiogram or an MRI-angiogram, uses imaging to evaluate blood vessels in any area of the body, such as the brain or kidneys, but does not visualize the coronary arteries as well as catheter-guided angiography.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRI of the heart can be useful in some circumstances, but it is not as informative as cardiac catheterization with angiography. However, if an invasive test is too risky for you, then it may be considered.
- Carotid and aortic catheterization: A catheterization can access other arteries in the body, such as the carotid arteries in the neck, or the abdominal aorta. These procedures may be combined at the same time if widespread arterial disease is suspected.
Limitations
Certain heart problems, such as congenital heart defects, heart valve disease, and heart failure, may be detected by catheterization and angiography, but are better evaluated with cardiac echo; arrhythmias are best evaluated with an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), ambulatory monitoring, or an electrophysiology study.
Risks and Contraindications
Cardiac catheterization and angiography are relatively safe, but because they are invasive procedures involving the heart, several complications are possible. For this reason, a cardiac catheterization is performed only when the treatment is expected to be highly beneficial or when there is a strong likelihood that the information gained from the procedure will be of significant benefit.
Common complications of cardiac catheterization include minor bleeding at the site of catheter insertion, usually in the arm or the groin, temporary heart rhythm disturbances caused by the catheter irritating the heart muscle, and temporary changes in the blood pressure.
Serious and less common complications include:
- An allergic reaction to the dye: This can cause flushing, a rash, extreme shortness of breath, hypertension or hypotension, or heart rhythm irregularities and is treated as an emergency, usually with epinephrine.
- Artery damage: This can occur in any artery between the location of catheter insertion all the way to the arteries in the heart, causing a defect called a pseudoaneurysm.
- Perforation of the heart wall: This can cause a life-threatening condition, cardiac tamponade.
- Sudden blockage of a coronary artery, which can lead to a heart attack
- Extensive bleeding
- Stroke
In addition, cardiac catheterization and angiography involve exposure to radiation. As with any medical test using radiation, these tests may produce a tiny increase in the lifetime risk of developing cancer.
Cardiac catheterization for the treatment of coronary artery disease is less invasive than open heart surgery. But, complicated heart conditions often require open heart surgery, which can allow your doctors better access to your heart for extensive repairs. Complications and emergencies that result from a diagnostic or therapeutic catheterization and angiography may require emergency open heart surgery.
Before the Test
If you are going to have a cardiac catheterization, you will first need some pre-testing to make sure that you can tolerate the procedure and that your doctors are well prepared for complications.
- You will need a blood count to screen for infection. A non-emergency cardiac catheterization is likely to be postponed until you recover from an infection.
- You will need a PT/PTT, blood tests that assess your blood clotting factors.
- You will likely need to have an ECG to assess your heart rhythm and function, because a cardiac catheterization may be riskier if you have an arrhythmia or weak heart function.
- You will likely have a chest X-ray to screen for major anatomical variations around your heart and lungs, which prepares your doctors in case your procedure will be particularly challenging.
You may also be instructed to stop some of your medications, such as blood thinners and heart medications, a day or two before the test.
Timing
If you are scheduled for a cardiac catheterization, you should be prepared to spend the rest of the day recovering after your exam is complete.
A diagnostic cardiac catheterization procedure can take between 30 minutes to over an hour, and a therapeutic catheterization can take several hours. For both, you will need to have an IV placed and you will receive an anesthetic. You may or may not be awake during the procedure. It can take approximately an hour to fully wake up after anesthesia, even if you are not completely put to sleep, and most people feel groggy until after getting a full night’s sleep.
Your doctor may talk to you about the preliminary results after you recover from anesthesia, or you may need to come back at another time to discuss the results. If there is something concerning noted during a diagnostic test, you may need to have another test or a procedure, so ask your doctor if you should be prepared to spend the whole day or even to stay overnight.
After a therapeutic procedure, you may need to spend a few hours in recovery, or even spend the night in the hospital.
Location
A cardiac catheterization with an angiogram is performed in a special cardiac procedure suite. Sometimes, if there is a concern that the procedure may be complicated, it is performed in an operating room in case open heart surgery is needed. With all catheterization procedures, there is a backup plan for a surgical emergency, in which case you would need to move from the cardiac procedure suite to the operating room.
What to Wear
You will need to wear a gown for the procedure, so you can wear whatever is comfortable to the test.
Food and Drink
You will need to abstain from food and drink after midnight before your test or for six to eight hours if your test is scheduled for late in the day.
Cost and Health Insurance
You may need health insurance pre-authorization before your test, and the facility where it is being done will most likely take care of obtaining the approval. You may also need to pay a co-pay, and you can ask your health insurance provider or the facility about your fee responsibility in advance.
If you are paying for the procedure yourself, the cost can run in the high thousands for a diagnostic procedure and in the tens of thousands for a therapeutic procedure. There is a huge range in cost, depending on the facility, the region of the country, and your specific diagnosis, so it is best to get an estimate in writing ahead of time instead of making any assumptions. In fact, for a non-emergency cardiac catheterization, it is not unusual to “shop around” if you are paying for it yourself.
What to Bring
You should bring your test order form (if you have one), your insurance card, a form of identification, and a method of payment. Because you will not be able to drive yourself home after the test, you should make sure that you have someone to drive you home.
During the Test
Your cardiac catheterization will be performed by a doctor, most likely a cardiologist or a surgeon. There will be some nurses or technical assistants helping with the procedure as well.
Pre-Test
After you fill out the sign-in forms, you will meet with a nurse or a technician who will confirm that you have not eaten after midnight and may ask you whether you have any symptoms of chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, or vision changes. You will be asked to change into a gown, and you will have an IV placed in your hand. You will meet with the doctor who is going to perform the procedure, the rest of the team, and a doctor or nurse who will give you the anesthetic.
Throughout the Test
After local anesthesia is given, a catheter is inserted one of the blood vessels in your groin, arm, wrist or neck. The catheter is inserted either through a small incision or with a needle-stick. Once in the artery, the catheter is advanced to the heart using X-ray guidance.
During the procedure, catheters are typically maneuvered to various locations within the heart, and the pressures within the chambers of the heart are measured. Measuring these intracardiac pressures can be helpful in diagnosing certain kinds of heart disease.
For instance, heart valve disease can be detected by measuring pressure differences between cardiac chambers. As an example, in mitral stenosis the left atrial pressure is higher than the left ventricular pressure when the mitral valve is open, indicating that the valve is not opening completely and that a partial obstruction to blood flow is present when it should not be.
Blood samples can be taken through the catheter from different locations in the heart to measure the amount of oxygen in the blood. You may be asked to hold your breath for a few seconds, as this can change oxygen concentration and help your doctors visualize your heart from different angles. Oxygen levels on the right side of the heart should be relatively low, while oxygen levels on the left side of the heart, which receives blood from the lungs, are higher. Unusual variations in blood oxygen in the various cardiac chambers can signal abnormal blood flow within the heart, often caused by congenital heart defects such as an atrial septal defect.
Dye is injected through the catheter while a series of rapid X-ray images are recorded, which produce videos of the blood flowing through the cardiac chambers or coronary arteries.
Once the procedure is completed, the catheter is removed. Bleeding is controlled by placing pressure on the catheter insertion site, which will need to continue for 30 to 60 minutes.
Post-Test
At this point, you will probably move to a post-surgical recovery suite. As the anesthetic wears off, your nurse will check your blood pressure, pulse, oxygen level, and possibly an ECG. Your medical team will want to make sure that you urinate at least once after the procedure because you have been abstaining from food and drink, which can make you dehydrated. If you need more fluid, your team will likely provide you with liquids to drink and/or IV fluid and wait for you to urinate before allowing you to leave.
Once you are fully alert and can walk without assistance, and it is confirmed that someone will drive you home, you will be discharged. You will be given instructions to check on your catheter puncture site and extra bandages in case they need to be replaced.
After the Test
At home, you should take it easy, try to get some rest, and eat something light. By the morning, you should feel fully recovered and you can resume your normal activities.
Managing Side Effects
If you remain a bit tired on the day of the procedure, you should take a nap or relax. If there is minor bleeding that soaks one or two bandages on the day of the test without overflowing, then it is fine to change the bandages. But, if you experience continuous bleeding, swelling, or oozing from the puncture site, call your doctor. If you have chest pain, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, or syncope, you should seek emergency help right away.
Interpreting Results
The test results are generally descriptive and detailed. The report will note how well each of the coronary arteries was visualized and provide a characterization of their shape, whether there is calcification or narrowing, and the exact extent and location of narrowing.
Often, a description of the heart chambers and valves, anatomical defects, or aspects of heart function may be included in the report as well.
When the procedure is done for therapeutic reasons, you can expect the report to specify the findings, as well as to describe how the procedure was done, and to report on any complications, unexpected challenges, and whether the procedure achieved what it was meant to achieve.
Follow-Up
After a cardiac catheterization, you may need some follow-up tests after a few days or weeks, including ECG to check your heart function after the procedure, or cardiac echo, depending on whether there are still concerns that were not answered based on the catheterization. You may also need to have some medication adjustments after the procedure.
In general, a cardiac catheterization would not be routinely repeated, and you will only need to have another one if your doctor thinks that you have had a significant change in the blood vessels of your heart that requires intervention.
A Word From Verywell
The medical treatments available for heart disease are generally very successful and safe, and if you need to have a cardiac catheterization with angioplasty or if you need to have heart surgery, you should know that most people recover quite well.
If you need a cardiac catheterization, this is generally the most invasive portion of an extensive cardiac evaluation that includes ECG, blood tests, X-rays, and possibly echocardiogram or pulmonary function tests. Sometimes, the workup can take time, and you may not get a diagnosis right away. While it can be frustrating to have to wait to know what is affecting you, try to take comfort knowing that this test puts you one step closer to an answer.
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